Models are used, as in the particle model of matter or the wave models of light and sound.
+ The concept of cause and effect is used to explain such links as those between force and acceleration, or between changes in atomic nuclei and radioactive emissions.
+ The phenomena of ‘action at a distance’ and the related concept of the field is the key to analysing electrical, magnetic and gravitational effects.
+ Differences, for example between pressures or temperatures or electrical potentials, are the drivers of change.
+ Proportionality, for example between weight and mass of an object or between force and extension in a spring, is an important aspect of many models in Science.
+ Physical laws and models are expressed in mathematical form.